Eosin Y dye intercalation into layered double hydroxides as strategy to increase solar cell photoanodes efficiency and stability
FASOLINI A. 2, SANGIORGI N. 1, TOSI BRANDI E. 2, SANGIORGI A. 1, MARIANI F. 2, SCAVETTA E. 2, SANSON A. 1, BASILE F. 2
1 CNR-ISSMC (former ISTEC), Faenza, Italy; 2 University of Bologna - Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna, Italy
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), with the general formula M(II)I-xM(III)x(OH)2]x+(An-x/n).mH2O, are anionic clays largely used in several different fields such as sensors, cosmetics, drug delivery and more recently, photo-electrochemistry and solar cells. About the latter, up to now LDHs are versatile materials that have been employed in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) mainly as gelling agents for liquid electrolytes to increase the device stability. However, considering the most common DSSC architecture, the heart of this technology is represented by the photoanode, a semiconductor layer sensitized with dye molecules able to absorb sunlight. Unfortunately, dye molecules are traditionally quite expensive and extremely sensitive to thermal degradation, furthermore, sensitization is a time-consuming process with high costs. The chance to directly intercalate dye molecules in the LDH interlayer makes these materials promising candidate as innovative photoanodes. This important aspect in fact would help in (i) reducing the time and costs of the whole DSSCs fabrication process, (ii) overcoming the charge-transfer and recombination phenomena issues at the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interfaces thus increasing the final Photo-Conversion Efficiency (PCE) and stability. In this work, a deeper understanding of the performances of dye intercalated LDHs applied as DSSC photoanodes is provided. Eosin Y dye was selected as intercalated anion due to its high absorption coefficient, low cost and ease of handling, and finally for its metal-free structure. Eosin Y-intercalated ZnAl and NiAl LDHs were prepared by cations coprecipitation, a one-pot, reliable and fast energy-efficient method. The obtained powder form materials were used, after XRD, TEM and TGA characterizations, to formulate suitable screen-printing inks that were applied onto conductive FTO glass substrates as photoanode materials. Finally, complete DSSC prototypes with an active area of 0.25 cm2 were assembled and tested (J-V curves under 1000 W m-2 AM 1.5G illumination, IPCE and EIS analysis were performed). Comparisons with analogous LDH sensitized with Eosin Y were performed showing that the presence of the dye intercalated in the structure rather than adsorbed onto the surface, leads to beneficial effects such as increasing the stability and efficiency of the related DSSCs. In fact, the interactions between the intercalated Eosin dye and the LDHs sheets allowed for reducing charge recombination phenomena and thus increasing VOC and PCE values. Moreover, the LDH containing Ni showed the best performance mainly due to the lower band-gap value of this system. Finally, two NiAl LDH compounds with different crystallinity were compared to assess the influence of this parameter on the final performance.