CuSx Catalysts for Electrochemical Reduction of Sulfur-Containing CO2 Gas to HCOOH
LIM J. 1, DONG W. 1, CHO W. 1, LEE J. 1
1 POSTECH, POHANG, Korea (Republic of)
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) using renewable energy sources is a promising method for converting CO2 to chemical fuels such as CO, formate HCOOH, and hydrocarbons. Direct conversion of flue gas CO2 emitting from industry to valuable chemicals is an important issue for carbon capture and utilization in an economic approach. The flue gas emitted from coal-fired power and steel industry contains metal impurities at hundreds of ppm levels such as Fe2+, Zn2+, and gaseous impurities of SOx, NOx and H2S gases. Such impurities dissolving in the electrolyte could degrade the catalytic activities due to the surface poisoning by the deposition of metal impurities during the CO2RR. To mitigate this problem, pretreatment of the electrolyte with several ligands such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or solid-supported iminodiacetate (IDA) was employed to suppress the metal deposition on the surface by forming the metal-ligand complex. In contrast, efforts to understand the effect of gaseous impurities on catalytic properties have been limited although billion tons of CO2 (~8% of global CO2 emissions) with 0.3 – 0.9% of H2S impurity have been emitted from the steel industry every year. The sulfur species could react with metal to form catalytic active metal compounds by the formation of metal-sulfur bonds rather than degrade the performance of CO2 reduction reaction. Until now, most studies have been conducted on electrochemical CO2 reduction using pure CO2 gas without any impurities such as H2S gas. This work present a novel method to directly convert H2S-containing CO2 gas into value-added chemicals through CuSx nanostructures rapidly grown by immersing 3-nm-thick Ag-coating Cu foil (Ag/Cu) into a H2S-containing CO2 electrolyte. Herein, we investigated the effect of H2S on morphology, composition, and catalytic activity of thin Ag layers deposited on Cu foil (Ag/Cu) for the electrochemical reduction reaction of modeled sulfur-containing CO2 (CO2+H2S). The bimetallic Ag (3 nm)/Cu spontaneously changed to CuSx nanostructures during the sulfur-containing CO2 reduction reaction. Ag initially transformed to AgSx with nanoporous structure, leading to exposure of underlying Cu surface to the electrolyte. Then the Cu dissolved preferentially because the difference in the reduction potential between Cu and Ag drives the Ag-mediated corrosion reaction. The dissolved Cu ions readily react with sulfur species in the electrolyte, thereby resulting in formation of thick CuSx nanostructures at the surface. Together with the facilitated charge-transfer activity and increased the electrochemical surface area, CuSx nanostructures on Ag (3 nm)/Cu showed relatively higher value of average FEHCOOH = 87.37% (+/-1.7%) at -0.6 VRHE and jHCOOH = 9.60 (+/-1.1) mA/cm2 at -1.2 VRHE compared to that of CuSx on Cu foil (average FEHCOOH = 69.09% (+/-2.0%), jHCOOH = 4.78 (+/-0.6) mA/cm2). This study provides an evidence on the origin of galvanic corrosion of bimetallic catalysts and their beneficial effect on the catalytic activity for sulfur-containing CO2 conversion.